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 Cardiovascular history 1 Written by Olivia Nwosu Diagnosis: Left-sided heart failure (due to orthopnoea, PND (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea), cough on exertion, cardiovascular risk factors) Other differentials: COPD (due to cough and smoking history) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (due to cough) Mark scheme for history taking can be found below      

 Cardiovascular history 2 Written by Leya Bedar Diagnosis: Stable angina (due to cardiac nature of pain, onset with exertion, improvement with rest, cardiovascular risk factors, cardiac family history) Other differentials: Myocardial infarction (unlikely due to intermittent nature, lack of autonomic associated symptoms, likely more severe pain) Pulmonary embolism (due to shortness of breath and sudden…

 Cardiovascular history 3 Written by Olivia Nwosu Diagnosis: Myocardial infarction (due to cardiac nature of pain, intense, autonomic features, family history of cardiovascular disease, T2DM, cardiovascular risk factors) Other differentials: Unstable angina (due to cardiac features, but pain usually goes away) Oesophageal spasm (due to chest pain and previous heartburn, unlikely as factors point to…

 Cardiovascular history 4 Written by Leya Bedar Diagnosis: Pericarditis (features of infection, pleuritic chest pain, improves when leaning forward, recent viral illness) Other differentials: Pulmonary embolism (shortness of breath, sudden onset, pleuritic chest pain, but less likely due to features of infection) Oesophagitis (features of infection but unlikely as no link to swallowing/eating and no…

 Musculoskeletal history 3 Written by Leya Bedar Diagnosis: Gout (attacks of pain, inflammatory features, alcohol use, dietary risk factors) Differential diagnosis: Pseudogout (similar features but unlikely to affect the big toe) Septic arthritis (inflammatory features, but not episodic or associated with these risk factors) Corns/callus on plantar surface of foot (possible to explain pain but…

 Musculoskeletal history 4 Written by Leya Bedar Diagnosis: Septic arthritis (local and systemic inflammatory features, recent knee surgery) Differential diagnosis: Haematoma post-operation (recent knee surgery but does not explain local and systemic inflammatory features) Problem with prosthesis placement (same as above) Mark scheme for history taking can be found below    

 Neurological history 1 Written by Leya Bedar Diagnosis: Tension headache (band-like distribution of pain, tight and constricting, link to stress, responds to painkillers, stress) Differential diagnosis: Migraine (generalised pain, stress, responds to painkillers but less likely due to nature of pain and lack of aura, photophobia, or clear triggers) Dehydration (dull headache but unlikely due…

 Respiratory history 3 Written by Leya Bedar Diagnosis: Pulmonary embolism (pleuritic chest pain, SOB, cough, recent surgery, signs of DVT, recent long journey) Other differentials: Acute coronary syndrome e.g. stable angina (possible due to chest pain but unlikely due to cough, pleuritic chest pain and lack of cardiovascular risk factors, past medical history and family…

 Gastrointestinal history 2 Written by Leya Bedar Diagnosis: Biliary colic (due to intermittent colicky pain following meals exacerbated by eating junk food) Other differentials: Acute cholecystitis (systemic features would be present such as malaise and pyrexia) Ascending cholangitis (similar to acute cholecystitis but jaundice would also be present) Peptic ulcer disease (due to the pain…